Does restoration enhance regeneration of seasonal deciduous forests in pastures in central Brazil?

Published source details Sampaio A.B., Holl K.D. & Scariot A. (2007) Does restoration enhance regeneration of seasonal deciduous forests in pastures in central Brazil?. Restoration Ecology, 15, 462-471.
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This study is summarised as evidence for the following.

	Action	Category
	Add organic matter Action Link
	Plant a mixture of tree species to enhance diversity Action Link
	Sow tree seeds Action Link
	Use soil scarification or ploughing to enhance germination Action Link

Add organic matter

A replicated, randomized, controlled, before-and-after study in 2004-2005 in subtropical forest in Brazil (Sampaio, Holl & Scariot 2007) found that addition of leaf litter increased species richness, but had no effect on the density of new trees. The change (after minus before) in number of species was higher in litter addition (litter addition: 1; control: 0/plot), while the change in new tree density was similar (litter addition: 1,000; control: 1,000/ha). Data were collected immediately before (January 2004) and one year after treatment (March 2005) in four replicates of adjacent control and leaf litter addition (about 10 cm of dry leaves) plots (10 × 10 m).
Plant a mixture of tree species to enhance diversity

A replicated, randomized, controlled before-and-after study in 2004-2005 in subtropical forest in Brazil (1) found that planting increased species richness, but had no effect on the density of new trees. The change (after minus before) in number of species was higher in planted plots (planted: 10; unplanted: 0/plot), while the change in stem density was similar between treatments (planted: 1,000; unplanted: 1,000/ha). Data were collected immediately before (January 2004) and one year after treatment (March 2005) in four replicates of adjacent unplanted control and planted (42 seedlings of 18 tree species) plots (10 × 10 m).
Sow tree seeds

A replicated, randomized, controlled, before-and-after study in 2004-2005 in subtropical forest in Brazil (Sampaio, Holl & Scariot 2007) found that sowing tree seeds increased the density and species richness of new trees. The increase in stem density (seeded: 2,000/ha; unseeded: 1,000) and number of species/plot (seeded: 3; unseeded: 0) was higher in seeded plots. Data were collected immediately before (January 2004) and one year after treatment (March 2005) in four replicates of adjacent unseeded control and seeded (ten tree species) plots (10 × 10 m).
Use soil scarification or ploughing to enhance germination

A replicated, randomized, controlled, before-and-after study in 2004-2005 in subtropical forest in Brazil (Sampaio, Holl & Scariot 2007) found that ploughing decreased the density of young trees and had no effect on species richness of new trees. The change (after minus before) in young tree density was more negative in ploughed plots (ploughing: -4,000; control: 1,000/ha). The number of species/plot (ploughing: -2; control: 0) was similar between treatments. Data were collected immediately before (January 2004) and one year after treatment (March 2005) in four replicates of adjacent control and ploughing (to a 10 cm depth) plots (10 × 10 m).