Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Thicken earth wire to reduce incidental bird mortalityA literature review found no evidence that thickening the earth wire had any impact on collision mortality of cranes Grus spp. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F264https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F264Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:48:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mark power lines to reduce incidental bird mortality A total of eight studies and two literature reviews from across the world found that marking power lines led to significant reductions in collision rates or dangerous flight behaviour (i.e. approaching close to power lines) in cranes Grus spp., mute swans Cygnus olor and other bird species. All markers except thin, black plastic strips or neoprene crosses were effective, with no differences in effectiveness between Bird Flight Diverters (BFDs: brightly coloured plastic spirals) and static fibreglass plates and only a small possible difference between BFDs and ‘flappers’ (moving markers). Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F265https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F265Thu, 19 Jul 2012 14:03:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use raptor models to deter birds and so reduce incidental mortalityA single paired sites study in Spain found no evidence that raptor models were effective in deterring birds from crossing power lines and may even have attracted some species to the area. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F266https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F266Thu, 19 Jul 2012 14:53:56 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add perches to electricity pylons to reduce electrocutionA single before-and-after study in Spain found that adding perches did not reduce electrocutions of Spanish imperial eagles Aquila adalberti. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F267https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F267Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:08:34 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Insulate power pylons to prevent electrocutionA single before-and-after study in the USA found the insulating power pylons significantly reduced the number of Harris’s hawks Parabuteo unicinctus electrocuted. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F268https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F268Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:10:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use perch-deterrents to stop raptors perching on pylonsA single controlled study from the USA found significantly lower raptor activity close to perch-deterrent power lines, compared to control lines. No data were provided on electrocution rates. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F269https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F269Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:21:29 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Reduce electrocutions by using plastic, not aluminium, leg rings to mark birdsA replicated and controlled study in the USA found no evidence for lower electrocution rates for raptors marked with plastic leg rings, compared to metal ones. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F270https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F270Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:27:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations Six out of seven before-and-after studies and two literature reviews/meta-analyses found evidence that legislation protects bird populations. Five studies in Europe, Indonesia and across the world found increased population levels of vultures, raptors, cranes and cockatoos following protective legislation (amongst other interventions). However, one found populations of raptors declined soon after. The literature review also found two cases of limited or no impact of legislation. Two before-and-after studies from Denmark and the USA and Canada and the meta-analysis found increased estimated survival of falcons, ducks and parrots with stricter protection, but not necessarily population-level responses. A meta-analysis found decreased harvest of parrots in areas with stricter protection regimes, but a before-and-after study found no evidence for reduced shearwater harvest with legislation. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F271https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F271Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:57:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Increase ‘on-the-ground’ protection to reduce unsustainable levels of exploitation Two before-and-after studies from Central America and Europe found increases in recruitment and population levels following either stricter anti-poaching measures or stricter protection and the stationing a warden on an island. However, the Central American study found that recruitment increases were only maintained for as long as the intensive effort was continued. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F272https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F272Thu, 19 Jul 2012 17:38:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Promote sustainable alternative livelihoodsA single before-and-after study in Costa Rica found an increase in a scarlet macaw Ara macao population following several interventions including the promotion of sustainable, macaw-based livelihoods. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F273https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F273Thu, 19 Jul 2012 18:25:59 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use education programmes and local engagement to help reduce persecution or exploitation of species Five out of six studies from across the world found increases in bird populations or decreases in mortality following education programmes. In all but one case, education was one of several interventions employed. A replicated before-and-after study from Canada also found that there was a significant shift in local peoples’ attitudes to conservation and exploited species following educational programmes. One study from Venezuela found no evidence for decreases in yellow-shouldered parrot Amazona barbadensis poaching following an educational programme in local schools. The authors argue that the benefits would probably be seen later in the project. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F274https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F274Thu, 19 Jul 2012 18:28:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Employ local people as ‘biomonitors’A single replicated study in Venezuela found that poaching of parrot nestlings was significantly lower following the employment of five young men as ‘biomonitors’. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F275https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F275Fri, 20 Jul 2012 12:15:50 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mark eggs to reduce their appeal to egg collectorsA single before-and-after study found that marking eggs greatly increased the number of chicks fledging from six raptor nests in Australia in 1979 and 1980. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F276https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F276Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:25:58 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Relocate nestlings to reduce poachingA replicated before-and-after study in Venezuela found significant decreases in poaching rate and increased fledging rates of parrots after wild chicks were moved into police premises each night. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F277https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F277Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:28:18 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance Three studies from the USA and Europe found that bird densities were higher in refuges where hunting was prohibited, compared to areas with hunting. In addition, two studies found that more birds used hunting-free areas during the open season and on hunting days. No studies investigated the population-level impacts of these refuges. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F278https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F278Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:34:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Introduce voluntary ‘maximum shoot distances’A replicated, randomised before-and-after study from Denmark found that significantly fewer pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus were wounded but not killed, following the implementation of a voluntary maximum shooting distance. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F279https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F279Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:44:12 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide ‘sacrificial’ grasslands to reduce the impact of wild geese on cropsTwo studies in the UK found that managing grasslands for geese increased the number grazing there. However, both found that the birds were moving within a relatively small area (i.e. within the study sites) and therefore the grasslands may not reduce conflict with farmers. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F280https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F280Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:48:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Move fish-eating birds to reduce conflict with fishermenA single before-and-after study in the USA found that Caspian tern Sterna caspia chicks had a lower proportion of commercial fish in their diet following the movement of the colony away from an important fishery. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F281https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F281Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:58:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Scare fish-eating birds from areas to reduce conflictStudies investigating scaring birds from fishing areas are discussed in ‘Threat: Agriculture – Aquaculture’. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F282https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F282Tue, 24 Jul 2012 13:00:53 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Set longlines at night to reduce seabird bycatch Six out of eight studies from fisheries around the world found lower rates of seabird bycatch on longlines set at night, compared with during the day, or with previously collected data. However, effects seemed to depend on the species caught. Two studies found higher rates of bycatch on night-set longlines, due to high numbers of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis or northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis being caught at night. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F283https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F283Tue, 24 Jul 2012 13:04:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Turn deck lights off during night-time setting of longlines to reduce bycatchA single replicated and controlled study in the South Atlantic found significantly lower bycatch rates when deck lights were turned off during line setting at night. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F284https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F284Tue, 24 Jul 2012 14:11:52 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use streamer lines to reduce seabird bycatch on longlines A total of eight studies and two literature reviews from coastal and pelagic fisheries across the world found strong evidence for reduced seabird bycatch on longlines when streamer lines were used. A replicated, controlled trial from the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean found no reduction in bycatch rates when using streamer lines, whilst five studies were inconclusive, uncontrolled or had weak evidence for reductions. The effect of streamer lines appears to vary between seabird species: northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis were consistently caught at lower rates when streamers were used but shearwaters Puffinus spp. and white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis were caught at similar rates with and without streamers in one study each. The three studies that investigated the use of multiple streamer lines all found that fewer birds were caught when two streamer lines were used, compared to one, with even fewer caught when three were used. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F285https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F285Tue, 24 Jul 2012 14:37:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use larger hooks to reduce seabird bycatch We captured no intervention-based evidence on the impact of large hooks on seabird bycatch. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F286https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F286Tue, 24 Jul 2012 16:26:21 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use a water cannon when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch We found no evidence for the effects on seabird bycatch rates of using water cannon when setting longlines. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this actionCollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F287https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F287Tue, 24 Jul 2012 16:27:42 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Set lines underwater to reduce seabird bycatch Four replicated and controlled studies and a literature review in Norway, South Africa and the North Pacific found reductions in northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, albatross and petrel bycatch rates when using an underwater setting funnel. Although one found a disproportionate number of albatross were caught during day line setting. A replicated and controlled study found that underwater setting increased attack rates of shearwaters Puffinus spp. on longlines and did not reduce bycatch. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F288https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F288Tue, 24 Jul 2012 16:38:44 +0100