Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of livestock grazing: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of grazing freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2976https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2976Thu, 25 Mar 2021 14:18:12 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change type of livestock grazing: freshwater marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of allowing different types of livestock to graze freshwater marshes.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2978https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2978Thu, 25 Mar 2021 15:05:08 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change type of livestock grazing: brackish/salt marshes Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of allowing different types of livestock to graze brackish/salt marshes. There was overlap in the sites used in the studies, which all compared cattle and horse grazing on one salt marsh in the Netherlands. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community types (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study on a salt marsh in the Netherlands found that plots experienced similar changes in the area of a couch-grass-dominated community, over four years, whether grazed by cattle or horses. Community composition (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study on a salt marsh in the Netherlands found that plots grazed by cattle and plots grazed by horses experienced a similar turnover of plant species over six years, and had a similar overall plant community composition after six years. Overall richness/diversity (2 studies): Two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies on one salt marsh in the Netherlands found that plots grazed by cattle and plots grazed by horses had similar plant species richness after 1–6 years. One of the studies also reported similar increases in species richness over six years, whether plots were grazed by cattle or horses. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study on a salt marsh in the Netherlands3 found that plots grazed by cattle and plots grazed by horses experienced similar changes in the cover of two salt marsh herb species, over six years. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (2 studies): Of two replicated, paired, controlled studies on one salt marsh in the Netherlands, one found that horses maintained shorter late-summer vegetation than cattle after two years of grazing. The other study found that horses and cattle maintained late-summer vegetation of a similar height, over four years. The first study also examined variation in height between vegetation patches, and found no significant difference between horse- and cattle-grazed plots. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2979https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2979Thu, 25 Mar 2021 15:05:17 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change type of livestock grazing: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of allowing different types of livestock to graze freshwater swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2980https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2980Thu, 25 Mar 2021 15:05:27 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change type of livestock grazing: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of allowing different types of livestock to graze brackish/saline swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2981https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F2981Thu, 25 Mar 2021 15:05:33 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: freshwater marshes Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting vegetation from freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. There was one study in Switzerland, one in Belgium and one in Japan. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in wet meadows in Switzerland reported that summer-harvested and winter-harvested plots experienced similar changes in their overall plant community composition, over 3–4 years. Overall richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single harvest between June and November on overall plant species richness depended on the month of harvesting. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single harvest between June and November on overall vegetation abundance (including litter) depended on the month of harvesting. Individual species abundance (3 studies): All three studies quantified the effect of this action on the abundance of individual plant species. The studies all reported that individual species’ abundances responded differently to harvesting in different seasons. For example, the controlled, before-and-after study in Japan reported that harvesting in June reduced the abundance of common reed Phragmites australis, in the following summer, more than harvesting in July. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Overall structure (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in wet meadows in Switzerland reported that summer-harvested and winter-harvested plots both experienced a shift in vegetation cover towards lower vegetation layers, over 3–4 years. Diameter/perimeter/area (1 study): The same study reported that summer harvesting and winter harvesting had opposite effects on the diameter of common reed Phragmites australis shoots: they became thinner over four years of summer harvests but thicker over three years of winter harvests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3005https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3005Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:33:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3006https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3006Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:28 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3007https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3007Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:40 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting brackish/saline swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3008https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3008Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:53 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: freshwater marshes One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Overall richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a marsh in the USA found that spring-burned plots had greater plant species richness than summer-burned plots, at the end of the growing season. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a marsh in the USA found that spring-burned plots had greater overall vegetation cover than summer-burned plots, at the end of the growing season. Individual species abundance (1 study): The same study reported that the cover and frequency of some individual plant species responded differently to spring vs summer burning. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3074https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3074Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:45:30 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3075https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3075Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:45:47 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3076https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3076Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:46:01 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning brackish/saline swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3077https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3077Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:46:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control problematic plants (multiple interventions): brackish/saline marshes or swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling problematic plants in brackish/saline marshes or swamps using >3 combined interventions.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3088https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3088Sat, 03 Apr 2021 14:52:44 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control populations of wild vertebrates: freshwater marshes Two studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling populations of wild vertebrates in freshwater marshes. Both studies were in the USA. In one study, the problematic animals were mammals and in the other study they were birds. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One before-and-after study of marshy vegetation in the USA reported that over two years of trapping and shooting feral swine Sus scrofa, overall vegetation cover increased. Characteristic plant abundance (1 study): One before-and-after study in the USA reported that over two years of trapping and shooting feral swine Sus scrofa, cover of two plant species characteristic of target seepage slope vegetation increased. Herb abundance (1 study): One before-and-after study of marshy vegetation in the USA reported that over two years of trapping and shooting feral swine Sus scrofa, total forb cover increased. Individual species abundance (2 studies): One paired, controlled, before-and-after study in freshwater marshes in the USA reported that killing and scaring Canada geese Branta canadensis reduced their impacts on the density of wild rice Zizania aquatica: its density became similar in plots open to geese and plots fenced to exclude geese. One before-and-after study of marshy vegetation in the USA reported mixed responses of individual plant species to two years of trapping and shooting feral swine Sus scrofa. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One paired, controlled, before-and-after study in freshwater marshes in the USA reported that killing and scaring Canada geese Branta canadensis reduced their impacts on the height of wild rice Zizania aquatica: its height became similar in plots open to geese and plots fenced to exclude geese. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3136https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3136Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:09:16 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control populations of wild vertebrates: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling populations of wild vertebrates in brackish/salt marshes.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3137https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3137Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:10:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control populations of wild vertebrates: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling populations of wild vertebrates in freshwater swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3138https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3138Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:10:15 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control populations of wild vertebrates: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling populations of wild vertebrates in brackish/saline swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3139https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3139Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:10:25 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control populations of wild invertebratesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of controlling populations of wild invertebrates in marshes or swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3141https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3141Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:25:23 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Clean waste water before it enters the environmentWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on marsh or swamp vegetation, of cleaning waste water before releasing it into the environment.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3142https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3142Mon, 05 Apr 2021 14:26:28 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Chill seeds of non-woody plants before sowing: freshwater wetlands Six studies evaluated the effects – on emergent, non-woody plants typical of freshwater wetlands – of chilling their seeds before sowing. All six studies were in the USA. Five of the studies were in laboratories or greenhouses. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (6 studies): All six replicated, controlled studies in the USA found that chilling (at 1–10°C) seeds of herbaceous plants before sowing either increased or had no significant effect on their germination rate. Within studies, the direction and/or size of the effect depended on factors such as the duration of chilling, species, conditions (light/temperature) after sowing, and sowing site (restored vs natural meadows). One replicated, randomized, controlled study in the USA found that freezing sawgrass Cladium jamaicense seeds before sowing reduced their germination rate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3367https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3367Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:33:28 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Chill seeds of non-woody plants before sowing: brackish/saline wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects – on emergent, non-woody plants typical of brackish/saline wetlands – of chilling their seeds before sowing.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3368https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3368Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:33:39 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Chill tree/shrub seeds before sowing: freshwater wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects – on trees/shrubs typical of freshwater wetlands – of chilling their seeds before sowing.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3369https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3369Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:33:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Chill tree/shrub seeds before sowing: brackish/saline wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects – on trees/shrubs typical of brackish/saline wetlands – of chilling their seeds before sowing.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3370https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3370Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:33:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Classify conservation status of individual sitesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation or human behaviour, of classifying the conservation status of individual marshes or swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3395https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F3395Mon, 12 Apr 2021 12:11:48 +0100
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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