Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food in water (including dishes and ponds) One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that when exposed to water-filled troughs, monkeys were more active and increased their use of tools.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1320https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1320Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:01:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food dipped in food colouring One before-and-after study in the USA found that when food was dipped in food colouring juvenile and adult orangutans ate more and took less time to consume it.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1322https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1322Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:12:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food items whole instead of processed One before-and-after study in the USA found that when macaques were presented with whole foods instead of chopped foods the amount consumed and time spent feeding increased.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1323https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1323Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:33:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present feeds at different crowd levels One before-and-after study in the USA found that when smaller crowds were present foraging and object use in chimpanzees increased. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1324https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1324Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:38:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide live vegetation in planters for foraging One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA reported that chimpanzees spent more time foraging when provided with planted rye grass and scattered sunflower seeds compared to browse and grass added to the enclosure with their normal diet.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1327https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1327Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:18:54 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide cut branches (browse) One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands and Germany found that when presented with stinging nettles captive gorillas used the same processing skills as wild gorillas to forage.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1332https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1332Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:33:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide live invertebrates One before-and-after study in the UK found that when provided with live insect prey inactivity reduced and foraging increased in captive loris to levels seen in wild loris.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1333https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1333Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:35:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide fresh produce One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that when fresh produce was offered instead of pellet feed more time was spent feeding and less time inactive in rhesus macaques.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1335https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1335Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:40:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Change feeding times One replicated, controlled study in the USA found that when chimpanzees were fed on unpredictable schedules inactivity decreased.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1338https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1338Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:46:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Vary quality or quantity (UV% or gradients) of enclosure lighting to simulate seasonal changes in the wild One replicated study in the UK found that there was no difference in clutch size between frogs given an ultraviolet (UV) boost compared with those who only received background levels. However, frogs given the UV boost had a significantly greater fungal load than frogs that were not UV-boosted. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1865https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1865Fri, 19 Jan 2018 08:49:28 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Provide artificial aquifers for species which breed in upwelling springs One small study in the USA found that salamanders bred in an aquarium fitted with an artificial aquifer. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1871https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1871Fri, 19 Jan 2018 09:07:16 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Provide particular plants as breeding areas or egg laying sites One small, controlled study in the USA found that salamanders bred in an aquarium heavily planted with java moss and swamp-weed. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1875https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1875Fri, 19 Jan 2018 10:31:52 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Provide particular enclosure furniture for calling sites, breeding areas or egg laying sites One replicated study in Fiji found that adding rotting logs and hollow bamboo pipes, as well as a variety of substrates to an enclosure, promoted egg laying in frogs. One before-and-after study in Austria found that captive frogs started breeding when animals were housed in enclosures with more calling, perching and laying sites, as well as simulated wet and dry seasons. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1876https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1876Fri, 19 Jan 2018 10:51:55 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Manipulate sex ratio within the enclosure One replicated study in Australia found that frogs only bred once sex ratios were manipulated, along with playing recorded mating calls and moving frogs into an indoor enclosure which allowed temporary flooding, and had various types of organic substrate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1879https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1879Fri, 19 Jan 2018 11:00:23 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Separate sexes in non-breeding periods One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when sexes were separated in the non-breeding periods, alongside providing female mate choice, playing recorded mating calls and allowing females to increase in weight before breeding. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1880https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1880Fri, 19 Jan 2018 11:08:49 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Play recordings of breeding calls to simulate breeding season in the wild One replicated study in Australia found that frogs only bred when recorded mating calls were played, as well as manipulating the sex ratio after frogs were moved into an indoor enclosure which allowed temporary flooding and had various types of organic substrates. One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when playing recorded mating calls, along with the sexes being separated in the non-breeding periods, providing female mate choice, and allowing females to increase in weight before breeding. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1881https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1881Fri, 19 Jan 2018 13:46:16 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Allow female mate choice One replicated study in Australia found that frogs only bred after females carrying eggs were introduced to males, sex ratios were manipulated, recorded mating calls were played, and after being moved to an indoor enclosure which allowed temporary flooding and had various types of organic substrates. One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when female mate choice was provided, alongside playing recorded mating calls, sexes being separated in the non-breeding periods, and allowing females to increase in weight before breeding. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1882https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1882Fri, 19 Jan 2018 13:50:02 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Supplement diets with carotenoids (including for colouration) One study in the USA found that adding carotenoids to fruit flies fed to frogs reduced the number of clutches, but increased the number of tadpoles and successful metamorphs. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1887https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1887Fri, 19 Jan 2018 14:21:27 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Increase caloric intake of females in preparation for breeding One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when females increased in weight before breeding, as well as having mate choice, recorded mating calls, and sexes being separated in the non-breeding periods. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1888https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1888Fri, 19 Jan 2018 14:36:09 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Formulate larval diets to improve development or survival to adulthood One randomized, replicated, controlled study in the USA found that tadpoles had a higher body mass and reached a more advanced developmental stage when fed a control diet (rabbit chow and fish food) or freshwater algae, compared to those fed pine or oak pollen. Tadpoles fed only pine or oak pollen did not undergo metamorphosis. One randomised, replicated study in Portugal found that tadpoles reared on a diet containing 46% protein had higher growth rates, survival and body weights at metamorphosis compared to diets containing less protein. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1889https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1889Fri, 19 Jan 2018 14:42:14 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Manipulate larval density within the enclosure A replicated study in the USA found that reducing larval density of spotted salamanders increased larval survival and body mass. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1894https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1894Fri, 19 Jan 2018 15:05:40 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Feed a plant-derived protein diet One replicated, randomized, controlled study and one replicated, controlled study in the USA found that a plant-derived protein diet increased digestible energy and dry matter digestibility but decreased mineral retention and plasma taurine levels in maned wolves compared to a (supplemented) animal-based protein diet. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1903https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1903Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:15:58 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Allocate fast days One replicated, before-and-after study in the UK found that large felids fed once every three days paced more frequently on non-feeding days. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1906https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1906Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:38:37 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Scatter food around enclosure One replicated, before-and-after study in Brazil found that scattered feeding increased locomotion in maned wolves. One replicated study in Brazil found that maned wolves spent more time in the section of their enclosure with scattered food than in a section with food on a tray. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1921https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1921Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:42:29 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide live vertebrate prey One before-and-after study in the USA found that hunting behaviour increased and sleeping decreased when a fishing cat was provided with live fish. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that there was no change in the occurrence of stereotypical behaviours in tigers when provided with live fish. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1925https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F1925Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:15:15 +0000
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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