Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Manage ditches One controlled, before-and-after study in the UK found that managing ditches increased common toad numbers. One replicated, site comparison study in the Netherlands found that numbers of amphibian species and abundance was significantly higher in ditches managed under agri-environment schemes compared to those managed conventionally. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F749https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F749Thu, 18 Jul 2013 16:10:56 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove tree canopy to reduce pond shading One before-and-after study in Denmark found that translocated garlic toads established breeding populations following pond restoration that included canopy removal. One before-and-after study in the USA found that canopy removal did not increase hatching success of spotted salamanders. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F758https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F758Wed, 14 Aug 2013 14:36:22 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Create artificial hibernacula or aestivation sites One replicated, before-and-after study in the UK found that providing artificial hibernacula, along with other terrestrial habitat management, maintained populations of great crested newts. One replicated study in the UK found that created hibernacula were used by common frog and smooth newts, but not great crested newts. One replicated study in the UK found four amphibian species close to hibernacula at two of three sites. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F759https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F759Wed, 14 Aug 2013 15:19:25 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use antibacterial treatment to reduce chytridiomycosis infection Two studies (including one randomized, replicated, controlled study) in New Zealand and Australia found that treatment with chloramphenicol antibiotic ointment (Bishop et al. 2009) or solution, with other interventions in some cases, cured green tree frogs and one Archey’s frog of chytridiomycosis. One replicated, controlled study found that treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine increased survival time but did not cure blue-and-yellow poison dart frogs of chytridiomycosis. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F763https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F763Fri, 16 Aug 2013 14:30:56 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of common frog or common toad tadpoles or moor frog embryos or hatchlings. One of the studies found that bleach significantly reduced survival of common frog and common toad tadpoles. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F768https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F768Fri, 16 Aug 2013 16:21:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use gloves to handle amphibians We found no evidence for the effects of using gloves on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. A review for Canada and the USA found that there were no adverse effects of handling 22 amphibian species using disposable gloves. However, three replicated studies (including one controlled study) in Australia and Austria found that deaths of tadpoles were caused by latex gloves for all four species tested, by vinyl gloves for three of five species and by nitrile gloves for the one species tested. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F769https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F769Mon, 19 Aug 2013 15:45:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations One review found that legislation to reduce trade in two frog species resulted in the recovery of the over-exploited populations. One study in South Africa found that the number of permits issued for scientific and educational use of amphibians increased from 1987 to 1990. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F785https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F785Thu, 22 Aug 2013 14:10:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Protect habitats for amphibians One replicated, site comparison study in the UK found that populations of natterjack toads were better protected at sites with a statutory level of habitat protection than those outside protected areas. One before-and-after study in the UK found that a common frog population increased but common toads decreased following the protection of a pond during development. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F820https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F820Fri, 23 Aug 2013 10:25:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control invasive plants One before-and-after study in the UK found that aquatic and terrestrial habitat management that included controlling swamp stonecrop, along with release of captive-reared toadlets, tripled a population of natterjack toads. One replicated, controlled study in the USA found that Oregon spotted frogs laid eggs in areas where invasive reed canarygrass had been mown more frequently than where it was not mown. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F823https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F823Fri, 23 Aug 2013 11:04:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove or control invasive bullfrogs One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that removing American bullfrogs significantly increased a population of California red-legged frogs. One before-and-after study in the USA and Mexico found that eradicating bullfrogs from the area increased the range of leopard frogs. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that once bullfrogs had been removed, California red-legged frogs were found out in the open twice as frequently. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F825https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F825Fri, 23 Aug 2013 11:19:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use artificial fertilization in captive breeding Three replicated studies (including two randomized studies) in Australia and the USA found that the success of artificial fertilization depended on the type and number of doses of hormones used to stimulate egg production. One replicated study in Australia found that 55% of eggs were fertilized artificially, but soon died. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F834https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F834Wed, 28 Aug 2013 15:57:47 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Captive breeding Mallorcan midwife toads Two replicated studies in the UK found that Mallorcan midwife toads produced eggs that were raised to metamorphs or toadlets successfully in captivity. One found that clutches dropped by males were not successfully maintained artificially. One replicated study in the UK found that survival to metamorphosis was 85%. One randomized, replicated, controlled study in the UK found that toads bred in captivity for nine or more generations had slower tadpole development, reduction in one predator defence trait and decreased genetic diversity. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F837https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F837Thu, 29 Aug 2013 14:21:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove or control mammals One controlled study in New Zealand found that controlling rats had no significant effect on numbers of Hochstetter’s frog. One controlled study in New Zealand found that survival of Maud Island frogs was significantly higher in a predator-proof enclosure than in the wild. One study in New Zealand found that at 58% of translocated Hamilton's frogs survived the first year within a predator-proof enclosure. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F839https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F839Thu, 29 Aug 2013 15:39:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests One randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in the USA found that compared to total clearcutting, leaving dead or wildlife trees did not result in higher abundances of salamanders. Two studies (including one randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study) in the USA found that compared to no harvesting, leaving dead or wildlife trees during clearcutting did not prevent a decrease in salamander abundance or change in species composition. One randomized, replicated, controlled study in the USA found that numbers of amphibian species and abundance were similar with removal or creation of dead trees within forest. One randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in the USA found that compared to unharvested plots, the proportion of female salamanders carrying eggs, eggs per female or proportion of juveniles were similar or lower in harvested plots that included plots where dead and wildlife trees were left during clearcutting, depending on species and time since harvest. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F845https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F845Fri, 30 Aug 2013 16:07:51 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting Two studies (including one randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study) in the USA found that compared to clearcutting, leaving a low density of trees during harvest did not result in higher salamander abundance. Two studies (including one randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study) in the USA found that compared to no harvesting, leaving a low density of trees during harvest decreased salamander abundance and changed species composition. One randomized, replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in the USA found that compared to unharvested plots, the proportion of female salamanders carrying eggs, eggs per female or proportion of juveniles were similar or lower in harvested plots that included leave-tree harvests, depending on species and time since harvest. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F846https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F846Fri, 30 Aug 2013 16:21:07 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Retain buffer zones around core habitat One before-and-after study in Australia found that grassland restoration that included leaving unmown buffers around ponds increased numbers of frog species. One replicated, site comparison study in the USA found that retaining buffers along ridge tops within harvested forest increased Red Hills salamander abundance, body condition and genetic diversity. One replicated, controlled study in the USA found that retaining unmown buffers around ponds had mixed effects on tadpole survival and mass depending on species and site. One replicated study in the USA found that 30 m buffer zones around wetlands were not sufficient to protect marbled salamanders. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F850https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F850Thu, 05 Sep 2013 14:26:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Translocate amphibians Overall, three global reviews and one replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that 35 of 54 (65%) amphibian translocations that could be assessed resulted in established breeding populations or substantial recruitment to the adult population. A further two translocations resulted in breeding and one in survival following release. One review found that translocations of over 1,000 animals were more successful, but that success was not related to the source of animals (wild or captive), life-stage, continent or reason for translocation. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F854https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F854Fri, 06 Sep 2013 11:49:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Translocate wood frogs Two studies (including one replicated study) in the USA found that translocated wood frog eggs established breeding populations in 25–50% of created ponds. One replicated study in the USA found that translocated wood frog eggs hatched and up to 57% survived as tadpoles in enclosures in restored ponds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F856https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F856Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:19:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Translocate natterjack toads Three studies (including one review) in France and the UK found that translocated natterjack toad eggs, tadpoles, juveniles or adults established breeding populations at one site or in 30–70% of cases, some of which also released head-started or captive-bred animals or included habitat management. The review found that re-establishing toads on dune or saltmarsh habitat was more successful than on heathland. One replicated study in the UK found that natterjack toad populations increased at sites established by translocations, particularly with replicated translocations of wild rather than captive-bred toads. Two replicated, before-and-after studies in Estonia and the UK found that translocating natterjack toad eggs or tadpoles resulted in breeding at 8–70% of sites, some of which had been restored. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F859https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F859Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:48:11 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime in grassland Two studies (including one before-and-after, site comparison study) in the USA and Argentina found that annual prescribed fires in grassland decreased numbers of amphibian species and abundance or, along with changes in grazing regime, increased rates of species loss. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that spring, but not autumn or winter burns, decreased salamander abundance. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F862https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F862Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:42:39 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Create ponds for green toads Two before-and-after studies (including one controlled study) in Denmark found that pond creation, along with other interventions, significantly increased green toad populations. One replicated, before-and-after study in Sweden found that green toads used 59% and reproduced in 41% of created ponds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F864https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F864Fri, 06 Sep 2013 16:23:40 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Create ponds for salamanders (including newts) Three before-and-after studies (including two replicated studies) in France, Germany and the USA found that naturally colonizing alpine newts, captive-bred smooth newts or translocated spotted salamanders established stable breeding populations in 20–100% of created ponds. Two replicated, before-and-after study in France and China found that alpine newts or Chinhai salamanders reproduced in 60–100% of created ponds. One small, replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that translocated spotted salamanders but not tiger salamanders reproduced in created ponds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F867https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F867Tue, 10 Sep 2013 15:55:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Release captive-bred green and golden bell frogs One review and two before-and-after studies in Australia found that captive-bred green and golden bell frogs released mainly as tadpoles did not established breeding populations, or only established stable breeding populations following one of four release programmes. One study in Australia found that a small proportion of captive-bred green and golden bell frog released as tadpoles survived at least 13 months after release. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F872https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F872Wed, 11 Sep 2013 16:03:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Release captive-bred Mallorcan midwife toads Three studies (including one replicated study and one review) in Mallorca found that captive-bred midwife toads released as tadpoles, toadlets or adults established breeding populations at 38%, 80% or 100% of sites. One randomized, replicated, controlled study in the UK found that predator defences were maintained, but genetic diversity reduced in a captive-bred reintroduced population. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F873https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F873Thu, 12 Sep 2013 10:43:06 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Release captive-bred toads Two of three studies (including two replicated studies) in Denmark, Sweden and the USA found that captive-bred toads released as tadpoles, juveniles or metamorphs established populations, in one case at 70% of sites. One of the studies found that populations were not established from captive-bred and head-started toads. Two studies in Puerto Rico found that survival of released captive-bred Puerto Rican crested toads was low and that 25% were predated within two days of release. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F875https%3A%2F%2Fconservationevidencejournal.com%2Factions%2F875Thu, 12 Sep 2013 10:51:57 +0100