A world survey of penguins in captivity

Published source details Gailey-phipps J. (1978) A world survey of penguins in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 18, 7-13.
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Summary

Use captive breeding to increase or maintain populations of seabirds

A global study in 1974 (Gailey-Phipps 1978) reported successful breeding of captive penguins in the majority of institutions that responded to a questionnaire. Of 53 surveyed institutions in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan, 40 (75%) reported that captive penguins laid eggs, 35 (66%) reported successful hatchings, and 27 (51%) reported fledging of young. The study notes that institutions outside North America were selected based on published breeding records (introducing a bias to the data), but results were similar when only the 22 North American institutions were considered (laying: 68%; hatching: 54%; fledging: 50%). All institutions keeping at least 10 individuals of a species reported breeding. Across all institutions, 11 species of penguins had been successfully kept in captivity. Some individuals survived >20 years. This study includes many of the institutions mentioned in other summary paragraphs, although not necessarily over the same time period.