Physically protect nests from predators using non-electric fencing

Overall effectiveness category Likely to be beneficial
Number of studies: 4
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How is the evidence assessed?

Effectiveness

45%
Certainty

48%
Harms

not assessed

Calculating overall effectiveness category

Background information and definitions

The simplest way to exclude predators from a nesting area is to erect a fence around it. This is likely to be relatively cheap and easy, but may also prevent non-predators from entering the area, with potentially unforeseen results.

Update: Since this action was assessed, we have summarized some additional studies testing this action. See VanderWerf et al. (2014), Recorbet & Dru (2002).

Study locations

Key messages

Two studies from the USA and UK found that fewer nests were predated or failed when predator exclusion fences were erected.
Two studies from the USA found that nesting success or fledging success did not differ between areas with fences erected and those without fences; although one found that hatching rates were higher with fences.

About key messages

Key messages provide a descriptive index to studies we have found that test this intervention.

Studies are not directly comparable or of equal value. When making decisions based on this evidence, you should consider factors such as study size, study design, reported metrics and relevance of the study to your situation, rather than simply counting the number of studies that support a particular interpretation.

Supporting evidence from individual studies

A controlled, replicated before-and-after study in Massachusetts, USA (Rimmer & Deblinger 1992) found that the proportion of least tern Sterna antillarum nests lost to predation was significantly lower in two colonies protected in 1990-1 by 1.2 m high wire-mesh fencing (<1% nests predated, 87% hatched successfully, 191 nests monitored), compared to either three unprotected colonies over the same time period (46% of 69 nests predated, 41% hatched successfully) or the study colonies and nine additional colonies without fencing between 1987 and 1991 (52% of 833 nests predated, 16% hatched successfully).
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Rimmer D.W. & Deblinger R.D. (1992) Use of fencing to limit terrestrial predator movements into least tern colonies. Colonial Waterbirds, 15, 226-229.
A 1996 meta-analysis of 58 studies from the Prairie Pothole Region of the USA and Canada between 1935 and 1992 (Beauchamp et al. 1996) found that the nesting success of dabbling ducks Anas spp. declined over the study period, and that the rate of this decline did not differ between fenced sites and sites with no predator control. However, the intercept of the regression slope did differ significantly; with nesting success being higher in fenced sites than in sites without management or where predators were removed. There was no difference between fenced and island sites.

A 1996 meta-analysis of 58 studies from the Prairie Pothole Region of the USA and Canada between 1935 and 1992 (2) found that the nesting success of dabbling ducks Anas spp. declined over the study period, and that the rate of this decline did not differ between fenced sites and sites with no predator control. However, the intercept of the regression slope did differ significantly; with nesting success being higher in fenced sites than in sites without management or where predators were removed. There was no difference between fenced and island sites.
A 1996 meta-analysis of 58 studies from the Prairie Pothole Region of the USA and Canada between 1935 and 1992 (2) found that the nesting success of dabbling ducks Anas spp. declined over the study period, and that the rate of this decline did not differ between fenced sites and sites with no predator control. However, the intercept of the regression slope did differ significantly; with nesting success being higher in fenced sites than in sites without management or where predators were removed. There was no difference between fenced and island sites.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Beauchamp W.D., Nudds T.D. & Clark R.G. (1996) Duck nest success declines with and without predator management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60, 258-264.
A small paired site study in 1998 on South Uist, northwest Scotland (Jackson 2001) found that fewer wader nests failed at two sites where fences were erected and hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus removed, compared to two control, unfenced areas (38% of 52 nests lost, three to hedgehogs vs. 55% of 53 nests failing and 15 to hedgehogs respectively). Therefore, a smaller proportion of failures were attributable to European hedgehogs. Species in this study included the lapwing Vanellus vanellus, dunlin Calidris alpina, redshank Tringa totanus and snipe Gallinago gallinago. There was no evidence of compensatory predation by other species following hedgehog removal. Fences successfully excluded hedgehogs from one experimental site, but rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus burrows allowed 33 hedgehogs to re-enter the second site.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Jackson D.B. (2001) Experimental removal of introduced hedgehogs improves wader nest success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 802-812.
A randomised, controlled study in 1996 at one site on a sandbar in Washington State, USA (Good 2002) found that egg survival and hatching success of gull pairs in the western gull Larus occidentalis × glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens hybrid complex were significantly higher for nests with makeshift, 30 cm tall wooden exclusion fences (54% egg survival, 38% hatching success for ten pairs) than for control nests with no screening or ‘natural screening’ e.g. driftwood etc. (14% egg survival, 13% hatching success for 54 pairs). The fledging rate, however, was not significantly higher for protected nests (29% vs. 8% respectively) and the distribution of nests that failed to produce any fledglings did not differ from a uniform distribution across protected and control nests.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Good T.P. (2002) Breeding success in the western gull × glaucous-winged gull complex: the influence of habitat and nest-site characteristics. The Condor, 104, 353-365.

Please cite as:

Williams, D.R., Child, M.F., Dicks, L.V., Ockendon, N., Pople, R.G., Showler, D.A., Walsh, J.C., zu Ermgassen, E.K.H.J. & Sutherland, W.J. (2020) Bird Conservation. Pages 137-281 in: W.J. Sutherland, L.V. Dicks, S.O. Petrovan & R.K. Smith (eds) What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge, UK.

Where has this evidence come from?

List of journals searched by synopsis

All the journals searched for all synopses

This Action forms part of the Action Synopsis:

Bird Conservation

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